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In German grammar, modal verbs, also known as "Modalverben," play a crucial role in expressing various shades of meaning related to ability, permission, obligation, and desire. The six modal verbs are:

dürfen - to be allowed/permitted

• "Ich darf hier rauchen." (I am allowed to smoke here.)

können - to be able

• "Kannst du mir helfen?" (Can you help me?)

mögen - to like/prefer

• "Ich mag Schokolade." (I like chocolate.)
• "Möchtest du einen Kaffee?" (Would you like a coffee?)

müssen - to have to/must

• "Ich muss heute arbeiten." (I have to work today.)

sollen - should/ought to

• "Du sollst pünktlich sein." (You should be on time.)

wollen - to want

• "Ich will nach Hause gehen." (I want to go home.)

These modal verbs are unique in their conjugation patterns and their usage with other verbs. They are followed by an infinitive form of the main verb, creating a compound structure. For example:

• "Ich kann schwimmen." (I can swim.)
• "Sie muss lernen." (She must study.)

Modal verbs are essential for expressing various degrees of certainty, necessity, and desire in German sentences, making them an indispensable part of the language's grammar.