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The pluperfect (Plusquamperfekt) in German is a verb tense used to express an action that was completed before another past action or time. It is formed by combining the imperfect (Präteritum) form of the auxiliary verbs "haben" (to have) or "sein" (to be) with the past participle of the main verb.

Formation:

1. For regular verbs:

   • Imperfect form of "haben" or "sein" + past participle of the main verb
   • Example: "Ich hatte gelesen." (I had read.)

2. For irregular verbs:

   • Imperfect form of "haben" or "sein" + irregular past participle of the main verb
   • Example: "Sie war gegangen." (She had gone.)

Usage:

The pluperfect is typically used to describe an action that occurred before another past action or time reference. It is often used in conjunction with other past tenses, such as the imperfect or the simple past (Präteritum), to establish a clear sequence of events.

Example:

• "Als ich nach Hause kam, hatte meine Schwester schon gegessen." (When I came home, my sister had already eaten.)

The pluperfect can also be used to express an action that was completed before a specific point in time.

Example:

• "Bis zum Abend hatten wir alle Aufgaben erledigt." (By the evening, we had completed all the tasks.)

It's important to note that the pluperfect is less commonly used in spoken German, especially in colloquial settings. However, it is still essential for formal written communication and literature.