bufidiq nuxusi pahoh jovelate ripewate totiti buta

Plural form

When forming the plural in the nominative case, nouns take specific endings that depend on their stem. The most common plural endings are -d and -id.

The formation of the nominative plural in Estonian can involve:

1. Adding the plural ending (such as -d or -id).
2. Stem changes to the noun, which are common and often irregular.

Adding the plural ending

Examples:

• raamat (book) → raamatud (books)
• laps (child) → lapsed (children)
• maja (house) → majad (houses)
• mõte (thought) → mõtted (thoughts)
• õpetaja (teacher) → õpetajad (teachers)

Stem Changes in Plural Forms

Some nouns undergo changes to their stem when forming the nominative plural. For example, vowels may lengthen, or consonants may soften. These changes are often irregular, and the plural form must be learned for each noun, for example:

• sõber (friend) → sõbrad (friends)
• õpilane (student) → õpilased (students)