junad divugivi basixew kasacapo qabaf sefoveg

The pluperfect tense in the Estonian language, known as "enneminevik," is used to describe actions that were completed before another action in the past. It is equivalent to the English past perfect tense. The formation of the pluperfect tense in Estonian involves the use of the past tense of the auxiliary verb "olema" (to be) and the past participle of the main verb.

Formation

To form the pluperfect tense, follow these steps:

1. Conjugate the auxiliary verb "olema" in the past tense:

   • I was: olin
   • You (singular) were: olid
   • He/She/It was: oli
   • We were: olime
   • You (plural) were: olite
   • They were: olid

2. Add the past participle of the main verb:

   • For regular verbs, the past participle is typically formed by adding the suffix "-nud" to the verb stem.
   • Example: "lugema" (to read) becomes "lugesin" (I read) in the past tense, and its past participle is "lugenu."

Examples

Here are some examples to illustrate the use of the pluperfect tense in Estonian:

• Ma olin lugenud (I had read)
  • "Ma" (I) + "olin" (was) + "lugenud" (read)
• Sa olid söönud (You had eaten)
  • "Sa" (You) + "olid" (were) + "söönud" (eaten)
• Ta oli kirjutanud kirja (He/She had written a letter)
  • "Ta" (He/She) + "oli" (was) + "kirjutanud" (written) + "kirja" (letter)
• Me olime lõpetanud töö (We had finished the work)
  • "Me" (We) + "olime" (were) + "lõpetanud" (finished) + "töö" (work)
• Te olite näinud filmi (You had seen the movie)
  • "Te" (You) + "olite" (were) + "näinud" (seen) + "filmi" (movie)
• Nad olid tulnud koju (They had come home)
  • "Nad" (They) + "olid" (were) + "tulnud" (come) + "koju" (home)

Usage

The pluperfect tense is used in Estonian to:

• Indicate an action that was completed before another past action.
  • Example: "Kui ma jõudsin, olid nad juba lahkunud." (When I arrived, they had already left.)
• Provide background information or context for a past event.
  • Example: "Ta oli õppinud eesti keelt enne, kui ta Eestisse kolis." (He/She had studied Estonian before moving to Estonia.)