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Che

• Most common and versatile relative pronoun in Italian
• Used for both people and things
• Can function as subject or direct object
• Examples:
  • Il libro che ho letto (The book that I read)
  • La ragazza che parla inglese (The girl who speaks English)

Cui

• Used primarily after prepositions
• Refers to both people and things
• Cannot be used as a subject
• Examples:
  • L'amico di cui ti ho parlato (The friend about whom I told you)
  • La casa in cui vivo (The house in which I live)

Il Quale (and its variations)

• More formal and less common in everyday speech
• Has different forms based on gender and number:
  • Masculine singular: il quale
  • Feminine singular: la quale
  • Masculine plural: i quali
  • Feminine plural: le quali
• Used for clarity when the antecedent is ambiguous
• Can be used with or without prepositions
• Examples:
  • Il professore, il quale insegna storia (The professor, who teaches history)
  • La città nella quale sono nato (The city in which I was born)

Usage Tips

• "Che" is the most common and can often replace "cui" or "il quale"
• Use "cui" when a preposition is involved
• "Il quale" is useful for avoiding ambiguity in complex sentences