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Formation of the Passato Prossimo

The Present Perfect, or Passato Prossimo in Italian, is formed using two components:

  1. Auxiliary verb (essere or avere) in the present tense
  2. Past participle of the main verb

Most verbs use "avere" as the auxiliary, while some intransitive verbs use "essere."

Verbs with Avere

  • Io ho mangiato (I have eaten)
  • Tu hai parlato (You have spoken)
  • Lei/Lui ha letto (She/He has read)

Verbs with Essere

  • Io sono andato/a (I have gone)
  • Noi siamo arrivati/e (We have arrived)
  • Loro sono partiti/e (They have left)

With "essere," the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject.

Irregular Past Participles

While many verbs follow regular patterns, some common verbs have irregular past participles:

  • Fare → fatto (to do/make)
  • Dire → detto (to say)
  • Vedere → visto (to see)

Usage

The Passato Prossimo is used to express:

  1. Completed actions in the recent past
  2. Actions with a connection to the present
  3. Life experiences

Example: Ho visitato Roma l'anno scorso. (I visited Rome last year.)

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