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Personal Pronouns
Polish pronouns are highly gender-specific, reflecting the language's three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Pronouns in Polish decline according to case, with seven cases in total. Below is a conjugation table for the personal pronouns "on" (he), "ona" (she), and "ono" (it) in various cases, with translations:
| Case | Masculine (on) | Feminine (ona) | Neuter (ono) | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | on | ona | ono | he, she, it |
| Genitive | jego/niego | jej/niej | jego/niego | of him, her, it |
| Dative | jemu/niemu | jej/niej | jemu/niemu | to him, her, it |
| Accusative | jego/niego | ją/nią | je/nie | him, her, it |
| Instrumental | nim | nią | nim | with him, her, it |
| Locative | nim | niej | nim | about him, her, it |
| Vocative | - | - | - | - |
This declension system applies to personal, demonstrative, and possessive pronouns.
Formal and Informal Address
Polish distinguishes between formal and informal forms of address:
- Informal "you": ty
- Formal "you": pan (masculine), pani (feminine)
The formal forms are used with third-person verb conjugations, adding complexity to pronoun usage.
Reflexive Pronouns
The reflexive pronoun "się" is used extensively in Polish, often changing the meaning of verbs or creating reflexive constructions.
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