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Comparison in Polish grammar involves understanding how to compare adjectives and adverbs. This process helps to describe differences and similarities in various qualities and quantities. This guide provides an in-depth look into how comparisons are made in Polish, including the degrees of comparison, irregular forms, and usage in sentences.

Degrees of Comparison

In Polish, there are three degrees of comparison for adjectives and adverbs: the positive degree, the comparative degree, and the superlative degree.

1. Positive Degree (stopień równy): This is the base form of the adjective or adverb.

   • Example: szybki (fast), piękny (beautiful)

2. Comparative Degree (stopień wyższy): This form is used to compare two objects, indicating that one possesses a certain quality to a greater or lesser extent than the other.

   • To form the comparative degree, typically add the suffixes -szy/-sza/-sze to the adjective stem.
   • Example: szybszy (faster), piękniejszy (more beautiful)

3. Superlative Degree (stopień najwyższy): This form is used to indicate that one object possesses a quality to the highest or lowest extent within a group.

   • To form the superlative degree, add the prefix naj- to the comparative form.
   • Example: najszybszy (the fastest), najpiękniejszy (the most beautiful)

Forming Comparative and Superlative Degrees

• Regular Adjectives and Adverbs: Most adjectives and adverbs form their comparative and superlative degrees regularly.

  • Positive: dobry (good)
  • Comparative: lepszy (better)
  • Superlative: najlepszy (the best)

• Irregular Forms: Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms.

  • Positive: mały (small)
  • Comparative: mniejszy (smaller)
  • Superlative: najmniejszy (the smallest)

Comparison of Equality and Inequality

• Equality: To express that two things are equal, use "tak... jak" (as... as).

  • Example: Ona jest tak wysoka jak on. (She is as tall as he is.)

• Inequality: To express that two things are not equal, use "nie tak... jak" (not as... as).

  • Example: Ona nie jest tak wysoka jak on. (She is not as tall as he is.)

Comparison in Sentences

1. Simple Comparison:

   • Positive: Jego samochód jest szybki. (His car is fast.)
   • Comparative: Jego samochód jest szybszy niż mój. (His car is faster than mine.)
   • Superlative: Jego samochód jest najszybszy w klasie. (His car is the fastest in the class.)

2. Negative Comparison:

   • Positive: To zadanie nie jest łatwe. (This task is not easy.)
   • Comparative: To zadanie jest trudniejsze niż poprzednie. (This task is more difficult than the previous one.)
   • Superlative: To zadanie jest najtrudniejsze ze wszystkich. (This task is the most difficult of all.)

3. Comparing Adverbs:

   • Positive: Ona śpiewa pięknie. (She sings beautifully.)
   • Comparative: Ona śpiewa piękniej niż jej siostra. (She sings more beautifully than her sister.)
   • Superlative: Ona śpiewa najpiękniej w całej szkole. (She sings the most beautifully in the whole school.)