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Case Agreement in Polish

Polish adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in case, gender, and number. This grammatical feature adds complexity to the language but allows for precise and flexible expression.

Nominative Case

• Used for the subject of a sentence
• Example: "Duży pies" (big dog)

Accusative Case

• Used for direct objects
• Example: "Widzę dużego psa" (I see a big dog)

Genitive Case

• Indicates possession or negation
• Example: "Ogon dużego psa" (tail of a big dog)

Dative Case

• Indicates the indirect object
• Example: "Daję kość dużemu psu" (I give a bone to the big dog)

Instrumental Case

• Expresses means or accompaniment
• Example: "Idę z dużym psem" (I'm walking with a big dog)

Locative Case

• Indicates location
• Example: "Mówię o dużym psie" (I'm talking about a big dog)

Vocative Case

• Used for direct address
• Example: "Duży psie!" (Big dog!)

Gender and Number Agreement

Adjectives also change form based on the gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and number (singular, plural) of the noun they modify, further complicating the agreement system.