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Gerunds in Polish Language

Polish gerunds, known as "rzeczowniki odczasownikowe" or verbal nouns, are derived from verbs and function as nouns in sentences. They are formed by adding specific suffixes to the verb stem:

• -anie for imperfective verbs ending in -ać
• -enie for verbs ending in -ić, -yć, or -eć
• -cie for verbs with infinitives ending in -ąć or -c

Examples:

• czytać (to read) → czytanie (reading)
• robić (to do) → robienie (doing)
• pić (to drink) → picie (drinking)

Polish gerunds retain some verbal characteristics:

1. They can take direct objects in the accusative case
2. They can be modified by adverbs

However, they also exhibit noun-like properties:

1. They can be declined like nouns
2. They can be modified by adjectives
3. They can function as subjects or objects in sentences

Gerunds in Polish are commonly used to express:

• General actions or processes
• Abstract concepts
• Habitual activities

Unlike English, Polish gerunds do not have a progressive aspect and are not used to form continuous tenses.