hofemim vagamo fudecame vugetil vosuda damab

Basic Word Order

Polish typically follows a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) word order, but it allows for considerable flexibility due to its case system:

• Jan czyta książkę. (John reads a book.)

Case System

Polish uses seven cases, which affect noun and adjective endings:

1. Nominative (subject)
2. Accusative (direct object)
3. Genitive (possession, negation)
4. Dative (indirect object)
5. Instrumental (means, accompaniment)
6. Locative (location)
7. Vocative (addressing)

Verb Placement

Verbs usually come second in the sentence but can be moved for emphasis:

• Wczoraj kupiłem samochód. (Yesterday, I bought a car.)
• Kupiłem wczoraj samochód. (I bought yesterday a car.)

Subject Omission

Polish often omits personal pronouns as subjects since verb conjugations indicate the person and number:

• (Ja) Idę do sklepu. (I am going to the store.)

Negation

Negation is formed by adding "nie" before the verb:

• Nie lubię kawy. (I don't like coffee.)

Questions

Yes/no questions are formed by adding the particle "czy" at the beginning:

• Czy mówisz po polsku? (Do you speak Polish?)

Wh-questions place the question word at the beginning:

• Gdzie mieszkasz? (Where do you live?)

Adjective Placement

Adjectives usually precede the noun they modify:

• Czerwony samochód (Red car)