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Gender

Polish nouns have three genders:

• Masculine
• Feminine
• Neuter

Gender affects noun declension and agreement with adjectives and verbs.

Number

Nouns in Polish have two numbers:

• Singular
• Plural

Some nouns only exist in plural form (pluralia tantum), such as "drzwi" (door) and "okulary" (glasses).

Cases

Polish nouns decline through seven cases:

1. Nominative (mianownik)
2. Genitive (dopełniacz)
3. Dative (celownik)
4. Accusative (biernik)
5. Instrumental (narzędnik)
6. Locative (miejscownik)
7. Vocative (wołacz)

Cases indicate the grammatical function of nouns in sentences.

Declension patterns

Nouns follow different declension patterns based on their gender and ending. Common patterns include:

• Masculine nouns ending in consonants
• Feminine nouns ending in -a
• Neuter nouns ending in -o or -e

Animacy

Masculine nouns are further divided into animate and inanimate categories, affecting their declension in certain cases.

Irregularities

Some Polish nouns have irregular declensions or change their stem when declined, requiring memorization.