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The past subjunctive in Portuguese is a verb tense used to express hypothetical or uncertain situations in the past. It is formed by combining the imperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb "ter" (to have) with the past participle of the main verb.

Formation

The past subjunctive is formed as follows:

• Imperfect subjunctive of "ter" + past participle of the main verb

For example:

• "Se eu tivesse estudado mais, eu teria passado no exame." (If I had studied more, I would have passed the exam.)

  • "tivesse estudado" is the imperfect subjunctive of "ter" + the past participle of "estudar" (to study)

• "Eles teriam ido ao cinema se não estivessem cansados." (They would have gone to the movies if they hadn't been tired.)

  • "tivessem" is the third-person plural imperfect subjunctive of "ter"
  • "ido" is the past participle of "ir" (to go)

Usage

The past subjunctive is commonly used to express:

1. Hypothetical or counterfactual situations in the past.
2. Regrets or wishes about past events.
3. Conditions or circumstances that did not occur in the past.

It is often used in conjunction with the conditional tense to form conditional sentences referring to the past.

In summary, the past subjunctive in Portuguese is a crucial verb tense for expressing hypothetical, uncertain, or counterfactual situations related to the past. Its formation involves combining the imperfect subjunctive of "ter" with the past participle of the main verb.