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Vowels

Portuguese has 14 vowel sounds, including nasal vowels. The oral vowels are:

  • /a/ as in "pato" (duck)
  • /e/ as in "belo" (beautiful)
  • /ɛ/ as in "pé" (foot)
  • /i/ as in "vinho" (wine)
  • /o/ as in "bolo" (cake)
  • /ɔ/ as in "pó" (powder)
  • /u/ as in "tudo" (everything)

The nasal vowels are:

  • /ã/ as in "mãe" (mother)
  • /ẽ/ as in "bem" (well)
  • /ĩ/ as in "sim" (yes)
  • /õ/ as in "bom" (good)
  • /ũ/ as in "um" (one)

Consonants

Portuguese has 19 consonant sounds, including some unique ones like the palatal lateral approximant /ʎ/ as in "galho" (branch).

Other notable consonants:

  • /ʀ/ - Guttural R, as in "carro" (car)
  • /ʃ/ - Voiceless postalveolar fricative, as in "chá" (tea)
  • /ʒ/ - Voiced postalveolar fricative, as in "jóia" (jewel)
  • /ɲ/ - Palatal nasal, as in "anha" (handle)

Stress and Rhythm

Portuguese is a stress-timed language, meaning stressed syllables occur at roughly regular intervals. Stress generally falls on one of the last three syllables of a word, following specific rules.

Intonation

Portuguese intonation patterns vary across regions but generally have a melodic quality, with rising pitches in statements and falling pitches in questions.

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