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In Portuguese, all nouns have a grammatical gender, either masculine or feminine. This grammatical feature affects the agreement of articles, adjectives, and pronouns with the noun. Here are some key points about the gender of nouns in Portuguese:

Masculine Nouns

• Most nouns ending in -o are masculine (e.g., o livro - the book, o carro - the car).
• Many nouns referring to male beings are masculine (e.g., o homem - the man, o pai - the father).

Feminine Nouns

• Most nouns ending in -a are feminine (e.g., a mesa - the table, a casa - the house).
• Many nouns referring to female beings are feminine (e.g., a mulher - the woman, a mãe - the mother).

Exceptions

• Some nouns ending in -a are masculine (e.g., o dia - the day, o mapa - the map).
• Some nouns ending in -o are feminine (e.g., a mão - the hand, a dor - the pain).
• Nouns referring to professions or nationalities often take the gender of the person (e.g., o professor/a professora - the male/female teacher).

Compound Nouns

• In compound nouns, the gender is determined by the last element (e.g., o guarda-chuva - the umbrella, a água-de-coco - the coconut water).

Learning the gender of nouns is essential for proper agreement in Portuguese and requires practice and memorization of common patterns and exceptions.